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Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now almost all blank, but a few of the walls are still revealing strongly.

How deep are these pieces? The software I have access to makes estimating the depth a little tricky. If, however, the top three slices represent the ploughsoil, which is probably about 30cm think, I would think that each piece has to do with 10cm and we are only getting down about 80cm in total.

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Luckily for us, most of the websites we are interested in lie simply below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other techniques? Comparison of the Earth Resistance information (top left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time piece (leading right) and the 1921ns time slice (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as talked about above, is a passive technique determining regional variations in magnetism against a localised no value. Magnetic vulnerability survey is an active method: it is a step of how magnetic a sample of sediment could be in the existence of an electromagnetic field. Just how much soil is tested depends on the diameter of the test coil: it can be very small or it can be relatively large.

The sensor in this case is extremely small and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic vulnerability meter with a large "field coil" in usage at Verulamium throughout the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically improved compared to subsoils simply due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By determining magnetic susceptibility at a relatively coarse scale, we can identify locations of human occupation and middens. Sadly, we do not have access to a reputable mag sus meter, however Jarrod Burks (who helped teach at the course in 2013) has some excellent examples. Among which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These towns are often set out around a main open area or plaza, such as this reconstructed example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (photo: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat site, the magnetometer survey had found a range of features and houses. The magnetic vulnerability survey helped, nevertheless, define the main area of profession and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility survey arises from the Wildcat site, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The technique is therefore of excellent usage in defining locations of general occupation instead of determining specific functions.

Geophysical surveying is a used branch of geophysics, which utilizes seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electro-magnetic physical approaches at the Earth's surface area to determine the physical homes of the subsurface - Geophysical Survey Permit Program in Wanneroo Western Australia 2020. Geophysical surveying techniques generally measure these geophysical properties together with anomalies in order to examine different subsurface conditions such as the existence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, voids and cavities, and much more.